تفضلي
• Describe the four standard image-processing steps, and suggest how these might be applied by an image-analysis program looking for abnormal cells in a PAP smear?
1. Global processing: involves computations on the entire image, without regard to specific local content. Example is gray-scale windowing of CT images.
2. Segmentation: involves the extraction of regions of interest (ROIs) from the overall image.
3. Feature detection: is the process of extracting useful parameters from the segmented regions. These parameters may themselves be informative—for example, the volume of the heart or the size of the fetus
4. Classification: which determines the type of object found. For example, small round regions on chest X-ray images might be classified as tumors.
Screening techniques have been applied successfully to mammography images for identifying mass lesions and clusters of microcalcifications, to chest X-rays for small cancerous nodules, and to Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for cancerous or precancerous cells.
• Explain the differences among contrast, spatial, and temporal resolution?
Contrast resolution: A measure of the ability to distinguish among small differences in intensity (indicated in a digital image by the number of bits per pixel).
Spatial resolution: A measure of the ability to distinguish among points that are close to each other (indicated in a digital image by the number of pixels per square inch).
Temporal resolution: The time between acquisition of each of a series of images.
Limited by the time needed to produce each image.
• What is meant by the standard view of appropriate use of medical information systems? Identify 2 key criteria for determining whether a particular use or user is appropriate.
Based on the uncertainties that surround any new technology, however, scientific evidence counsels caution and prudence.
Creation of expert systems and maintenance of related knowledge bases still involve leading-edge research and development. It is also important to recognize that humans are still superior to electronic systems in understanding patients and their problems.
• How can we balance the two values of Protection of patient’s privacy/confidentiality and the free access to information?
Only computers can manage the vast amount of information generated during clinical encounters and other health care transactions; at least in principle, such information should be easily available to health professionals so that they can care for patients effectively. Yet, making this information readily available creates opportunities for access by extraneous individuals. Access may be available to curious health care workers who do not need the information to fulfill job-related responsibilities, and, even more worrisome, to other people who might use the information to harm patients physically, emotionally, or financially.
Seemingly, clinical system administrators must therefore choose between either improving care through use of computer systems or protecting confidentiality by restricting use of computer systems. Fortunately, it is a mistake to view these objectives as incompatible.
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